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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Related Experiment Video

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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Teaching the Function of Auditory Stimuli Using Secondary Target Instruction.

Elisa Alban1, Lauren K Schnell-Peskin1, April N Kisamore1

  • 1Department of Special Education, Hunter College, The City of New York, 695 Park Avenue 10025, New York, NY USA.

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior
|March 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated teaching children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to identify auditory safety signals. The single presentation method proved more efficient for learning these crucial safety skills.

Keywords:
Auditory stimuliInstructive feedbackSafety soundsSecondary target instructionVerbal behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Behavior analysis
  • Developmental psychology
  • Auditory perception in children

Background:

  • Limited research exists on teaching safety stimuli identification to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • Previous studies show success in teaching visual stimuli identification using secondary targets, but auditory stimuli remain under-researched.
  • Effective and efficient strategies are needed for children with ASD to learn to identify environmental safety cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To teach individuals with ASD the function of auditory safety stimuli.
  • To evaluate two instructional arrangements: single presentation and re-presentation.
  • To assess the efficiency of these procedures using sessions to mastery and total training time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized secondary target instruction to teach the function of auditory safety stimuli.
  • Implemented two conditions: Condition 1 (Single Presentation) and Condition 2 (Re-presentation).
  • Measured learning efficiency through sessions to mastery and total training duration.

Main Results:

  • Participants successfully learned all directly taught primary targets.
  • Secondary targets emerged without direct teaching in both instructional conditions.
  • Condition 1 (Single Presentation) demonstrated more efficient learning across target sets for most participants.

Conclusions:

  • Secondary target instruction is effective for teaching auditory safety stimuli function in individuals with ASD.
  • The single presentation arrangement appears more efficient for teaching these auditory safety skills.
  • Further research can refine these methods for improved safety education in ASD.