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Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Long-term functional kleptoplasty in benthic foraminifera.

Doron Pinko1, Dewi Langlet2,3, Olha Sur2

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.

Iscience
|March 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Foraminifera protists, Hauerina diversa, can retain chloroplasts from prey (kleptoplasty) for extended periods. This study reveals stable kleptoplasty with no photoinhibition, suggesting a strong host-kleptoplast partnership.

Keywords:
Aquatic biologyEarth sciencesMarine organismMicroorganism

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Protistology
  • Symbiosis Research

Background:

  • Foraminifera are diverse rhizarian protists.
  • Some foraminifera exhibit kleptoplasty, retaining chloroplasts from prey.
  • Hauerina diversa is a benthic foraminifera studied for kleptoplasty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate host-kleptoplast interactions in Hauerina diversa.
  • To understand the stability and photosynthetic activity of kleptoplasts in H. diversa.
  • To explore the commitment of H. diversa to kleptoplasty.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing photosynthetic rates of H. diversa under varying light intensities.
  • Observing plastid retention in H. diversa deprived of heterotrophic feeding for 50 days.
  • Analyzing host-kleptoplast interactions and potential maintenance mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Kleptoplasts in H. diversa show activity across a wide light range without photoinhibition.
  • This lack of photoinhibition may stem from lost host-specific photoinhibition elements.
  • Extended kleptoplast retention (50 days) was observed even without feeding.

Conclusions:

  • Hauerina diversa demonstrates stable and long-term kleptoplasty.
  • The organism shows high commitment to the kleptoplast partnership.
  • Maintenance mechanisms likely resemble those in other symbiont-bearing foraminifera.