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Related Concept Videos

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

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In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...
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Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases01:17

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

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Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...
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Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

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Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

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Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
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Correction: Castro-Muñoz et al. Merging Proline:Xylitol Eutectic Solvent in Crosslinked Chitosan Pervaporation Membranes for Enhanced Water Permeation in Dehydrating Ethanol. <i>Membranes</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 451.

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Correction: Ullah et al. Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Neutral Red Dye Spectrophotometric Determination. <i>Molecules</i> 2022, <i>27</i>, 6112.

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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First truly deep eutectic solvent (DES) based stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Mateusz Marchel1, Andrzej Przyjazny2, Grzegorz Boczkaj3

  • 1Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.

Talanta
|March 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) modified silica enhanced high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of polar analytes. This green chemistry approach offers stable and selective chromatographic materials for complex mixture purification.

Keywords:
Eutectic systemsHydrogen bondingNormal-phase liquid chromatographyPolar analytesSeparation techniquesSorbent modification

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are recognized for their eco-friendly nature and broad applicability.
  • Silica-based stationary phases are widely used in chromatography but can be improved for specific separations.
  • Developing novel, sustainable materials for chromatography is crucial for advancing analytical techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immobilization of a specific DES (l-proline/xylitol) onto silica.
  • To evaluate the performance of DES-modified silica as a stationary phase in normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC).
  • To assess the stability and separation capabilities of the modified stationary phase for polar and non-polar analytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and immobilization of a deep eutectic solvent (l-proline protonated with HCl and xylitol) onto a silica surface.
  • Chromatographic evaluation using normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC).
  • Analysis of separation performance, including selectivity, resolution, and retention times for various analytes.

Main Results:

  • The immobilized DES layer effectively functioned as a liquid stationary phase.
  • DES-modified columns showed enhanced selectivity and resolution for polar analytes.
  • Shorter retention times were observed for non-polar compounds compared to unmodified silica.
  • The modified stationary phase exhibited long-term stability over multiple chromatographic runs.

Conclusions:

  • Deep eutectic solvents are effective and customizable surface modifiers for silica-based HPLC stationary phases.
  • DES-modified phases offer improved chromatographic performance, particularly for polar analytes, contributing to greener separation techniques.
  • The robust preparation method allows for scalable applications in compound isolation and purification.