[Use of the standard goniometer for measuring joints and recording joint movements in animals]

In human orthopedics the standard goniometer is used as an instrument to standardize joint measurements internationally. If some special rules are observed it can also be helpful in measuring and noting joint motions of animals. First of all one should know the specific "standing angles" and the definition of the basic planes for all joint motions and positions and one should also know that it is only possible to investigate passive mobility.