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Breastfeeding, contraception, and birth intervals in developing countries.

D P Smith

    Studies in Family Planning
    |May 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Breastfeeding duration significantly impacts birth intervals in developing nations. Longer breastfeeding periods correlate with longer birth intervals, suggesting contraception is an insufficient substitute.

    Area of Science:

    • Demography
    • Public Health
    • Reproductive Health

    Background:

    • Individual-level studies show breastfeeding correlates with amenorrhea and birth interval length.
    • Understanding these correlations at a national level is crucial for developing countries' reproductive health strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the correlation between breastfeeding duration and birth intervals at the national level in developing countries.
    • To assess the role of breastfeeding and contraceptive use in determining birth interval patterns across nations.

    Main Methods:

    • Cross-national comparative analysis of breastfeeding durations and contraceptive use rates.
    • Statistical examination of the relationship between median breastfeeding durations and median birth intervals.
    • Analysis of the incidence of short birth intervals in relation to breastfeeding patterns.
    Keywords:
    AfricaAmenorrheaAmericasAsiaBirth IntervalsBreast FeedingCaribbeanCentral AmericaContraceptionContraceptive UsageCorrelation StudiesData AnalysisDemographic FactorsDeveloped CountriesDeveloping CountriesDiseasesFamily PlanningFamily Planning, Behavioral MethodsFertilityFertility MeasurementsHealthInfant NutritionLactation, ProlongedMenstruation DisordersNorth AmericaNutritionOceaniaPopulationPopulation DynamicsResearch MethodologyResearch ReportSouth AmericaStatistical StudiesStudiesSurveysTime FactorsWorld Fertility Surveys

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    Main Results:

    • Countries with longer median breastfeeding durations or higher contraceptive use exhibit longer median birth intervals.
    • Conversely, countries with shorter median breastfeeding durations show a higher incidence of very short birth intervals, especially in moderate to high fertility settings.
    • Contraceptive use, as currently practiced, does not fully compensate for shorter breastfeeding durations in maintaining longer birth intervals.

    Conclusions:

    • Breastfeeding duration is a significant determinant of national-level birth intervals in developing countries.
    • Current contraceptive practices are insufficient to replace the birth spacing effect of prolonged breastfeeding.
    • Policies promoting breastfeeding may be essential for managing fertility and birth spacing in developing nations.