RASON promotes KRAS^G12C-driven tumor progression and immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers, with KRAS^G12C being a prevalent driver mutation in 12-13% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. Despite breakthroughs in KRAS^G12C inhibitors such as sotorasib (AMG-510) and adagrasib (MRTX-849), clinical resistance remains a challenging issue, highlighting the need for deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying KRAS^G12C-driven oncogenic signaling in NSCLC. Previously, we identified RASON as a novel regulator of KRAS^G12D/V signaling in pancreatic cancer. Herein, we aim to explore the role of RASON in KRAS^G12C-driven NSCLC and its therapeutic potential.

Immunohistochemistry analysis of NSCLC patient cohorts was performed to demonstrate the correlation between RASON expression and NSCLC progression. Immunoblotting was performed to evaluate the effects of RASON on KRAS^G12C downstream signaling. In vitro and in vivo assays including cell proliferation, sphere formation, tumor implantation and genetic mouse models were performed to determine the oncogenic role of RASON. RNA-seq analysis was utilized to identify the key signaling pathway regulated by RASON. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, nuclear magnetic resonance and biochemistry assays were used to validate the interaction between KRAS^G12C and RASON. Phagocytosis assay and flow cytometry were conducted to explore the effects of RASON on the tumor immune microenvironment. Pharmacological inhibition in subcutaneous xenograft model was used to determine the therapeutical potential of RASON.

RASON is overexpressed in NSCLC with KRAS^G12C mutation and correlates with poor patient prognosis. Genetic knockout of RASON significantly reduced lung tumor burden in LSL-KRAS^G12D; Trp53^R172H/+ mice. In KRAS^G12C-mutant lung cancer cell lines, RASON overexpression enhanced, while CRISPR-mediated knockout suppressed, both in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Mechanistically, RASON directly binds KRAS^G12C, stabilizes it in the GTP-bound hyperactive state and promotes downstream signaling. RASON knockout significantly reduced CD47 expression, enhancing macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and anti-tumor immunity. Therapeutically, antisense oligonucleotides targeting RASON not only exhibited tumor-suppressive effects, but also synergized with the KRAS^G12C inhibitor AMG-510 to significantly enhance anti-tumor efficacy.

This study reveals RASON as a key oncogenic regulator of KRAS^G12C signaling, driving lung tumorigenesis and progression, and identifies RASON as a promising therapeutic target for KRAS^G12C mutant non-small cell lung cancer.