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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

280
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

352
Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

110
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

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Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
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A 68-Year-Old Man with Urinary Incontinence.

Connor Lough1, Nicholas Lanzotti1, Ahmer Farooq1

  • 1from the Loyola University Medical Center Urology Residency Program.

NEJM Evidence
|March 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A kidney transplant recipient with end-stage renal disease experienced urinary incontinence. A structured clinical approach, including diagnostic testing, led to the final diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Medical Education

Background:

  • Morning Report is a traditional medical education conference.
  • It involves case presentations for collaborative diagnosis.
  • This case focuses on a post-kidney transplant complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of urinary incontinence in a kidney transplant recipient.
  • To illustrate a structured clinical approach for diagnosis.
  • To engage readers in the diagnostic process.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Systematic clinical evaluation including history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
  • Differential diagnosis refinement through progressive investigation.

Main Results:

  • A 68-year-old male with end-stage renal disease presented with urinary incontinence post-transplant.
  • Diagnostic workup and clinical course provided key insights.
  • A definitive diagnosis was established.

Conclusions:

  • A structured, case-based approach is valuable for diagnosing complex post-transplant complications.
  • Thorough clinical evaluation is essential in managing renal transplant patients.
  • This case highlights a specific diagnostic challenge in urology and nephrology.