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Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Personalized prediction model for miscarriage: in-depth sperm DNA fragmentation.

Chun-I Lee^1,2,3, Tse-En Wang¹, Chien-Hong Chen^1,4

¹Division of Infertility Clinic, Taiwan, IVF Centers Lee Women'S Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics

|March 25, 2025

Summary

Sperm DNA fragmentation, particularly double-strand breaks (DSBs), significantly impacts miscarriage risk in couples with poor ICSI prognosis. DSB testing can refine pre-treatment evaluation for these patients.

Keywords:

Advanced semen analysis DNA damages Miscarriage Paternal effect Prediction

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

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Published on: October 20, 2019

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Published on: April 21, 2022

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Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Genetics
Infertility Research

Background:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a key assisted reproductive technology.
Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and female reproductive potential are critical factors in ICSI success.
The POSEIDON criteria stratify patients undergoing ICSI into normal and poor prognosis groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the combined impact of different sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) types and female reproductive potential on ICSI outcomes.
To identify specific risk factors contributing to ICSI failures in both normal and poor prognosis groups.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 195 couples undergoing ICSI, categorized by POSEIDON criteria.
Assessment of female factors (age, AMH, oocyte retrieval) and male factors (semen parameters, total SDF, double-strand breaks - DSBs).
Logistic regression and ROC curve analysis to identify and assess the predictive power of risk factors for reproductive outcomes.

Main Results:

In normal prognosis, female factors like AMH and oocyte number were linked to failures.
In poor prognosis, male factors including reduced sperm motility, poor morphology, and elevated DSBs were associated with miscarriage.
Elevated DSBs independently predicted miscarriage risk (OR: 1.19), with a 19% cutoff showing 81% accuracy.

Conclusions:

Paternal factors, especially elevated DSBs, significantly increase miscarriage risk in women with poor ICSI prognosis.
DSB testing is proposed as an initial evaluation step for infertile couples, particularly those with poor prognosis, before assisted reproductive treatments.