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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Pediatric Exercise Physiology
  • Talent Identification

Background:

  • Significant variations in growth and maturation timing among young athletes can lead to performance disparities.
  • Early maturation provides a distinct physical advantage for youth athletes compared to their less mature peers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and quantify the performance differences in sprinting and jumping among youth athletes of varying maturity statuses.
  • To classify maturity into pre-, circa-, and post-peak height velocity (PHV) for athletes under 18 years old.
  • To improve the evaluation of athletic performance by considering individual maturity status.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review including 40 studies with cross-sectional data on male and/or female athletes aged ≤18 years.
  • Maturity status determined using somatic measures (e.g., Mirwald, Khamis-Roche methods).
  • Performance assessed via sprinting speed (10-100m) and power-based jump tests (e.g., CMJ, squat jump, standing long jump).
  • Searches conducted in major databases up to November 2024; meta-analysis used a random-effects model.

Main Results:

  • Sprinting and jumping performance significantly increase with advancing maturity status.
  • Large effect sizes (ES) observed between pre-PHV and post-PHV athletes for sprinting (e.g., 10m ES 1.34) and jumping (e.g., CMJ ES 1.53).
  • Moderate ES found between consecutive maturity groups (pre- to circa-PHV, circa- to post-PHV), with trivial differences in 30m sprint times between circa- and post-PHV.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial performance gaps in sprinting and jumping exist between the least and most mature male athletes (pre- vs. post-PHV).
  • Practitioners should consider maturity status for accurate performance evaluation and talent identification in youth sports.
  • Standardization of maturity thresholds and testing methods is recommended for future research due to observed inconsistencies.