Cough and dyspnea management in pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by relentless scarring of the lungs, declining lung function, and increasing symptom burden. In PF, dyspnea and cough are the most common symptoms, severely impacting quality of life. This review highlights recent advances in understanding their mechanisms and explores evolving strategies for management of these symptoms.

Advances in non-pharmacologic approaches, including hand-held fans, dyspnea services and pulmonary rehabilitation are playing a vital role in dyspnea management. Opioids, while effective in reducing exertional dyspnea in controlled settings, show limited benefit for daily life breathlessness and are associated with significant adverse events, highlighting the need for cautious, individualized use. For refractory cough, promising studies are investigating the role of opioids and neuromodulatory therapies. Non-pharmacologic approaches, including speech therapy, and behavioral interventions, provide complementary approaches. A multidisciplinary approach and individualized care plans to address the multifactorial nature of dyspnea and cough are key.

Effective management of dyspnea and cough can importantly improve patients' quality of life. Further research is required to refine treatment protocols, optimize palliative care interventions, and identify and test novel therapeutics. Translation of these findings into clinical practice requires a focus on evidence-based, patient-centered care.