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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

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Overview
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Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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COVID-19 and Completion of Select Routine Childhood Vaccinations.

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Childhood vaccine coverage for rotavirus (RV), diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) remains below prepandemic levels. Factors like race, ethnicity, and language impact vaccine uptake, necessitating targeted interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious disease epidemiology
  • Public health surveillance
  • Vaccine-preventable diseases

Background:

  • Routine childhood immunizations are critical for preventing infectious diseases.
  • Assessing vaccine coverage trends is essential for public health planning.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare access and routine services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate vaccine coverage for rotavirus (RV), diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP), and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV).
  • To identify factors associated with vaccine uptake in infants from 2018 to 2023.
  • To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunization rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of infants born between January 1, 2018, and May 31, 2023.
  • Inclusion criteria: minimum 9 months enrollment, at least one medical visit between 9-12 months.
  • Evaluation of 2-dose RV, DTaP, and PCV coverage at 5 months and series completion by 12 months; analysis of demographic factors and time period associations.

Main Results:

  • Included 395,143 infants; 48.4% female, 14.7% non-Hispanic Asian, 5.8% non-Hispanic Black, 34.2% Hispanic, 20.6% on Medicaid.
  • Two-dose vaccine coverage at 5 months decreased from 87.8% (Feb 2020) to 80.8% (Oct 2023).
  • Lower uptake associated with non-English/Spanish primary caregiver language, non-Hispanic Black race, and Medicaid enrollment.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood immunization coverage remains below prepandemic levels over three years post-COVID-19 onset.
  • Demographic factors likely reflect structural barriers impacting vaccine access.
  • Targeted interventions are crucial to enhance vaccine coverage across all populations.