Impact of pharmacist intervention on enhancing vaccination coverage: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Although vaccines are widely available, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Pharmacists, as accessible healthcare providers, can potentially improve vaccination rates through education, advocacy, and direct immunization.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacist interventions on vaccination rates.

A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs assessing pharmacist involvement in vaccination was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 2024. The primary outcome was vaccination rates, and a total of 22 studies were included. The Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2, and a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in Review Manager 5.4. This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024611321).

Seventeen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. A pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.58 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.40, 1.79], P < 0.00001 indicated a significant positive effect of pharmacist interventions on vaccination rates for all vaccine types. Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies (P < 0.00001, I² = 93 %). Pharmacists as immunizers had a greater impact (RR 1.76 [95 % CI 1.07, 2.88], P < 0.03) compared to their role as advocates (RR 1.59 [95 % CI 1.41, 1.80], P < 0.00001).

Pharmacist involvement significantly increases vaccination rates, with their role as immunizers having a particularly pronounced effect. Expanding the roles of pharmacists in vaccination services, primarily in developing countries, could improve global vaccination coverage and help address vaccine hesitancy.