Breast cancer extracellular matrix invasion depends on local mechanical loading of the collagen network

Active mechanical stresses in and around tumors affect cancer cell behavior and independently regulate cancer progression. To investigate the role of mechanical stress in breast cancer cell invasion, magnetic alginate beads loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and embedded in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) model subjected to an external magnetic field during culture. Bead displacement, cell shape and patterns of invasion of the collagen gel, and cell proliferation were assessed over 7 days of culture. The alginate beads swelled over the first 24 h in culture, creating circumferential stress akin to that created by tumor growth, while bead magnetic properties enabled local mechanical loading (compression, tension, and relaxation) and motion within the in vitro tissue constructs upon exposure to an external magnetic field. Beads displaced 0.2-1.6 mm through the collagen gels, depending on magnet size and distance, compressing the collagen network microstructure without gel mechanical failure. Invading cells formed a spatulate pattern as they moved into the compressed ECM region, with individual cells aligned parallel to the bead surface. During the first 24 hours of compressive magnetic force loading, invading cancer cells became round, losing elongation and ability to invade out from the bead surface, while still actively dividing. In contrast, cell invasion in unloaded constructs and in loaded constructs away from the compression region invaded as single cells, transversely outward from the bead surface. Finally, cell proliferation was 1.3× higher only after external magnet removal, which caused relaxation of mechanical stress in the collagen network. These findings indicate effects on breast cancer invasion of mechanical loading of ECM, both from compressive loading and from load relaxation. Findings point to the influence of mechanical stress on cancer cell behavior and suggest that relaxing mechanical stress in and around a tumor may promote cancer progression through higher proliferation and invasion.