Decoding the Tumor-Associated Microbiota: From Origins to Nanomedicine Applications in Cancer Therapy

Growing evidence reveals that the tumor microbiome-comprising distinct microbial communities within neoplastic tissues-exerts a profound influence on cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. These microbes actively reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) through metabolite secretion, the modulation of immune pathways, and direct interactions with host cells, thereby affecting tumor biology and therapeutic outcomes. Despite substantial heterogeneity among cancer types, recent insights underscore the tumor microbiome's potential as both a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a targetable component for innovative treatments. In this review, we synthesize emerging knowledge on the mechanistic roles of tumor-associated microbiota in shaping the TME, with a focus on how these discoveries can guide novel therapeutic strategies. We further explore interdisciplinary advances, including the convergence of microbiomics and nanotechnology, to enhance drug delivery, circumvent resistance, and foster TME remodeling. By highlighting these cutting-edge developments, our review underscores the transformative potential of integrating tumor microbiome research into precision oncology and advancing more personalized cancer therapies.