Machine Learning-Driven D-Glucose Prediction Using a Novel Biosensor for Non-Invasive Diabetes Management

Developing reliable noninvasive diagnostic and monitoring systems for diabetes remains a significant challenge, especially in the e-healthcare domain, due to computational inefficiencies and limited predictive accuracy in current approaches. The current study integrates machine learning with a molecularly imprinted polymer biosensor for detecting D-glucose in the exhaled breath condensate or aerosol. Advanced models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks, were used to analyze resistance signals, while classical algorithms served as benchmarks. To address challenges like data imbalance, limited samples, and inter-sensor variability, synthetic data generation methods like Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique and Generative Adversarial Networks were employed. This framework aims to classify clinically relevant glucose levels accurately, enabling non-invasive diabetes monitoring.