Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

11.7K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
11.7K
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

19.1K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly,...
19.1K
Stereoisomers02:32

Stereoisomers

12.4K
On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to...
12.4K
Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes02:18

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

17.5K
Organic compounds of the same molecular formula can have different structural formulas called constitutional isomers, and the phenomenon is known as constitutional isomerism. Alkanes with four or more carbons showing multiple structures with the same molecular formula thereby exhibit constitutional isomerism.
The linear isomer of an alkane is prefixed by the term “n”; hence a linear isomer of pentane is known as n-pentane. Based on the type of branching, some of the...
17.5K
Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

8.6K
In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
8.6K
Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

5.7K
Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Broad Cross-Reactivity of a Microcystin ELISA Confirmed Using 19 Quantitative Reference Materials.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

NMR-Based Quantification of Collagen Content in Protein Hydrolysates.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same author

Improved Sample Preparation for β-<i>N</i>-Methylamino-l-Alanine (BMAA) Analysis by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Cultures from Aotearoa New Zealand.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Stability and Recovery of Palytoxin and Ovatoxin‑a.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Serum metabolite levels identify incipient metastatic progression of rectal cancer.

Communications medicine·2025
Same author

Past, Current and Future Techniques for Monitoring Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs.

Toxins·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities
11:44

Synthesis and Structure Determination of µ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Published on: October 2, 2018

12.5K

Structural Characterization of Pinnatoxin Isomers.

Andrew I Selwood1, Christopher O Miles2, Alistair L Wilkins2,3

  • 1Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.

Marine Drugs
|March 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New marine biotoxin isomers, isopinnatoxins, were discovered in shellfish and dinoflagellates. These compounds, produced by Vulcanodinium rugosum, exhibit significantly lower toxicity and abundance compared to known pinnatoxins.

Keywords:
LC–MSLD50NMRVulcanodinium rugosumcyclic iminepinnatoxinpteriatoxin

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.0K
Author Spotlight: Discovering New Alkaloids in Plants with Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques
09:36

Author Spotlight: Discovering New Alkaloids in Plants with Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: March 8, 2024

671

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2025

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities
11:44

Synthesis and Structure Determination of µ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Published on: October 2, 2018

12.5K
A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.0K
Author Spotlight: Discovering New Alkaloids in Plants with Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques
09:36

Author Spotlight: Discovering New Alkaloids in Plants with Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: March 8, 2024

671

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Chemical Ecology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Pinnatoxins are potent marine biotoxins produced by dinoflagellates like Vulcanodinium rugosum.
  • These toxins pose risks due to their toxic effects and widespread presence in marine ecosystems.
  • Previous research has focused on known pinnatoxin variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel pinnatoxin isomers.
  • To investigate the structural differences and toxicological profiles of these new compounds.
  • To assess the contribution of these isomers to overall marine toxin levels.

Main Methods:

  • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for detection and quantification.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural elucidation.
  • Acute toxicity testing in mice via intraperitoneal injection.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of previously unidentified isopinnatoxins (isomers of pinnatoxins D, E, F, and H).
  • Isopinnatoxins were found at lower concentrations (approx. six times lower) than known isomers.
  • Structural analysis revealed isomerization via opening and recyclization of the D-ring, forming a tetrahydrofuranyl ring.
  • Isopinnatoxin E demonstrated significantly lower acute toxicity compared to pinnatoxin E.

Conclusions:

  • Isopinnatoxins are novel structural variants of known marine biotoxins.
  • Their low abundance and reduced toxicity suggest a minimal contribution to the overall toxicological risk posed by pinnatoxins.
  • Further research may be needed to fully understand the ecological and toxicological implications of these compounds.