Feasibility of Cerebellar Stimulation for the Treatment of Post-Stroke Dysphagia

Post-stroke dysphagia (PSD) is common and associated with poor outcomes. We aimed to explore the feasibility, safety, and proof of concept of cerebellar rTMS in patients with sub-acute PSD. We intended to recruit 48 participants with PSD. Randomised to: (i) sham treatment twice-daily for five days, (ii) cerebellar rTMS daily for three days, and (iii) cerebellar rTMS twice-daily for five days (1:1:1). Participants were blinded to treatment group. Primary outcomes were feasibility, safety, and functional outcome intake scale (FOIS), dysphagia severity rating scale (DSRS), and feeding status scale (FSS) at two weeks. However, due to lower-than-expected enrolment, the active rTMS groups were combined. We recruited 14 participants in total, (mean 68 years, 57% female). Due to the time-limited funding period, recruitment was adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. DSRS and FSS trended lower in the combined active rTMS groups at two weeks, i.e. less swallowing impairment. However, at death/discharge FOIS was higher/better (mean, (standard deviation)), 4.0 (2.1) vs. 1.8 (1.0) (p = 0.032) with active TMS, with trends to lower/better DSRS and FSS. There was no difference in the acceptability of treatment between groups. High-intensity (n = 5) vs. low-intensity (n = 5) cerebellar rTMS was associated with lower DSRS 3.0 (1.4) vs. 9.4 (2.7) and FSS 0.6 (0.5) vs. 1.6 (0.5) at 2 weeks, and DSRS 3.0 (1.4) vs. 9.0 (3.7) at hospital discharge or death. Cerebellar rTMS is a feasible ward-based treatment for reducing swallowing impairment. Although enrolment was lower than desired, there was evidence for proof of concept, particularly for high-intensity cerebellar rTMS. Larger studies are warranted.