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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
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Sub-wavelength optical lattice in 2D materials.

Supratik Sarkar1, Mahmoud Jalali Mehrabad1, Daniel G Suárez-Forero1

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute (JQI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.

Science Advances
|March 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used metasurface plasmon polaritons (MPPs) to create sub-wavelength optical lattices, enabling efficient, low-power control of light-matter interactions for novel phenomena. This breakthrough overcomes limitations of conventional optics for advanced material control.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum optics
  • Nanophotonics

Background:

  • Light-matter interactions are crucial for controlling emergent phenomena.
  • Conventional free-space optics have limited spatial resolution and efficiency.
  • Sub-wavelength control is needed for enhanced light-matter interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the diffraction limit in light-matter interaction control.
  • To demonstrate a power-efficient method for inducing nonequilibrium phenomena.
  • To explore sub-wavelength optical lattices for novel light-matter phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Excitation of metasurface plasmon polaritons (MPPs) to form optical lattices.
  • Implementation of a nonlocal pump-probe scheme.
  • Investigation of excitons in monolayer MoSe2 using MPPs.

Main Results:

  • Achieved nearly two orders of magnitude reduction in required modulation power compared to free-space optics.
  • Demonstrated sub-wavelength periodic modulation of excitons via MPPs.
  • Observed broadening of exciton linewidth, confirming MPP-induced modulation.

Conclusions:

  • MPPs enable efficient, sub-wavelength control of light-matter interactions.
  • This approach significantly reduces power requirements for inducing phenomena.
  • The findings pave the way for chip-compatible, power-efficient photonic devices.