Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reply to Willoughby on the Demise of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025
Same author

Increased Prevalence of Bell's Palsy in First Nations Populations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Manitoba.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2024
Same author

Reported Case Report of Recovery from Rabies Using Intrathecal Rabies Immune Globulin was Flawed - ADDENDUM.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2024
Same author

Reported Case Report of Recovery From Rabies Using Intrathecal Rabies Immune Globulin was Flawed.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2023
Same author

Chronic Neurological Disease Due to Methylmercury Poisoning.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2018
Same author

JC Virus Infection: An Expanding Spectrum of Neurological Disorders.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2018
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals
06:56

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals

Published on: July 30, 2019

11.6K

Demise of the Milwaukee Protocol for Rabies.

Alan C Jackson1

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Milwaukee protocol for human rabies has not demonstrated efficacy in survivors, with numerous documented failures. New therapeutic strategies are needed to improve rabies survival rates and neurological outcomes.

Keywords:
Milwaukee protocolamantadineketamineribavirintherapeutic coma

More Related Videos

Field Postmortem Rabies Rapid Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test for Resource-Limited Settings with Further Molecular Applications
07:40

Field Postmortem Rabies Rapid Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test for Resource-Limited Settings with Further Molecular Applications

Published on: June 29, 2020

13.2K
A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies
04:10

A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies

Published on: November 29, 2024

766

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals
06:56

Rabies Necropsy Techniques in Large and Small Animals

Published on: July 30, 2019

11.6K
Field Postmortem Rabies Rapid Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test for Resource-Limited Settings with Further Molecular Applications
07:40

Field Postmortem Rabies Rapid Immunochromatographic Diagnostic Test for Resource-Limited Settings with Further Molecular Applications

Published on: June 29, 2020

13.2K
A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies
04:10

A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies

Published on: November 29, 2024

766

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Human rabies is nearly fatal, with few survivors often experiencing severe neurological deficits.
  • The Milwaukee protocol, involving induced coma and specific drugs, was proposed after a 2004 survivor but lacks evidence of efficacy.
  • Despite aggressive promotion, the protocol has seen at least 64 documented failures over two decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of the Milwaukee protocol in treating human rabies.
  • To critically assess the evidence supporting the Milwaukee protocol's use.
  • To advocate for the abandonment of the Milwaukee protocol and the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of documented cases of rabies treated with the Milwaukee protocol.
  • Analysis of survival rates and neurological sequelae in patients receiving the protocol.
  • Comparison of outcomes with historical data and critical care management.

Main Results:

  • No subsequent detailed reports have confirmed the efficacy of the Milwaukee protocol since its inception.
  • At least 64 cases have documented the failure of the Milwaukee protocol.
  • Critical care management, used for decades, is a likely contributor to survival, not the protocol itself.

Conclusions:

  • The Milwaukee protocol has failed to demonstrate consistent efficacy in treating human rabies.
  • Continued use of the Milwaukee protocol is not supported by scientific evidence.
  • New therapeutic strategies informed by rabies pathogenesis are urgently required to improve patient outcomes.