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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Cell reprogramming: methods, mechanisms and applications.

Fei Zhu1, Guangjun Nie2,3

  • 1Wisdom Lake Academy of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China. Fei.Zhu@xjtlu.edu.cn.

Cell Regeneration (London, England)
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell reprogramming converts cell types, advancing developmental biology, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling. This review covers transcription factors, chemical molecules, biophysical cues, and biomolecular condensates in cell reprogramming.

Keywords:
Biophysical regulationCancer immunotherapyCell reprogrammingCell therapyDisease modelingDrug development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cell reprogramming enables cell type conversion, impacting multiple biological fields.
  • It involves complex transcriptional, epigenetic, translational, and metabolic coordination.
  • Recent research has focused on reprogramming facilitators, trajectories, and mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advances in cell reprogramming.
  • To elaborate on the role of biophysical cues in cell reprogramming.
  • To detail the mechanisms governing cell reprogramming, including biomolecular condensates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on transcription factor-mediated reprogramming.
  • Analysis of chemical molecule-induced cell reprogramming.
  • Discussion of biophysical cues and biomolecular condensates in reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances in transcription factor and chemical molecule-mediated reprogramming are summarized.
  • The significant role of biophysical cues in cell reprogramming is highlighted.
  • Mechanisms, including biomolecular condensates, governing cell reprogramming are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Cell reprogramming is a versatile tool with broad applications.
  • Future directions include developmental biology, disease modeling, drug development, regenerative therapy, and cancer immunotherapy.