A DNA-Based Plasmonic Nano-Ruler

DNA is an exceptional building block for the fabrication of dynamic supramolecular systems with switchable geometries. Here, a self-assembled, tunable plasmonic-fluorescent nanostructure was developed. A precise sliding motion mechanism was operated through the control of strand displacement reactions, shifting two single-strand DNA (ssDNA) rails connected by a ssDNA quasi-ring structure. The system was reconfigured as a nano-mechanical structure, generating six discrete configurations, and setting specific distances between a tethered gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a fluorophore, Sulfo-Cyanine3 (Cy3). Each configuration produced a distinct fluorescence emission intensity via plasmonic quenching/enhancement effects, and therefore the structure behaved as a nano-ruler. To optimize the system, the reversible distance-dependent fluorescence quenching or enhancement phenomena were investigated by testing AuNPs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 nm, yielding the best performances with 10 nm AuNPs. Furthermore, a geometric model of the system was produced, confirming the observed results. The fluorophore-plasmonic surface positioning, conferred by the DNA ruler, led to a finite state nano-machine with six alternative signal outputs. This mechanism, working as a fluorescent reporter, could find application in a multiple-responsive detection system of single-strand nucleic acids, such as viruses or microRNAs.