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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Neurological and Olfactory Disturbances After General Anesthesia.

Antonino Maniaci1,2,3, Mario Lentini1,2, Rosario Trombadore2

  • 1Deparment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94019 Enna, Italy.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

General anesthesia can cause neurological and olfactory issues, especially in elderly or ill patients. Tailored anesthesia and neuroprotective strategies are key to preventing these long-term complications.

Keywords:
biomarkerscognitive recoverygeneral anesthesianeuroinflammationneurological disturbancesolfactory bulbolfactory dysfunctionoxidative stresspostoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)postoperative complications

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology and Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Neurological and olfactory disturbances are recognized complications of general anesthesia.
  • Vulnerable populations (elderly, children, comorbidities) are at higher risk.
  • Shared mechanisms like neuroinflammation and oxidative stress contribute to these issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of anesthesia-induced neurological and olfactory disturbances.
  • To discuss mechanisms, risk factors, and preventive strategies.
  • To highlight future research directions for improving patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Scopus.
  • Narrative review of identified studies.
  • Analysis of mechanisms, risk factors, and preventive measures.

Main Results:

  • General anesthesia can lead to postoperative cognitive dysfunction, delirium, and olfactory deficits.
  • The olfactory system is susceptible to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
  • Risk factors include age, comorbidities, and anesthesia type/duration.

Conclusions:

  • Tailored anesthetic approaches and proactive postoperative care are crucial for high-risk groups.
  • Neuroprotective agents show potential in mitigating anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity.
  • Longitudinal studies with advanced techniques are needed to understand long-term effects.