Blood Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke Diagnostics and Treatment-Future Perspectives

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and the second most common cause of death worldwide, with its incidence increasing due to an aging population. Early diagnosis is crucial for timely medical intervention. Biomarkers serve as objective indicators to predict outcomes, monitor treatment responses, and assess prognosis. This review examines the evolving landscape of stroke biomarkers, highlighting their potential clinical applications and the challenges hindering their widespread use. Blood biomarkers are readily accessible and provide insight into the pathophysiological processes underlying stroke. This review focuses on neuronal and glial biomarkers, as well as those associated with inflammation, thrombosis, excitotoxicity, and neuroprotection. Also, it focuses on genetic biomarkers. The timing of biomarker measurement is particularly critical in the early stages of stroke, when rapid decision-making is essential, and it requires systematic investigation. Although numerous molecules have been proposed as stroke biomarkers in recent years, none have yet been integrated into routine clinical practice. Stroke biomarkers hold great promise for enhancing diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies. However, well-designed studies and rigorous validation are necessary to bridge the gap between research findings and clinical implementation. Integrating biomarkers with existing diagnostic tools could revolutionize stroke management and improve patient outcomes. Continued research into blood biomarkers and their clinical utility remains imperative for advancing stroke care.