Electroencephalography in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Developmental Pediatrics
• Clinical Neurophysiology

Background:

• Electroencephalography (EEG) is frequently used in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to identify co-occurring conditions like epilepsy.
• The precise connection between EEG abnormalities and core ASD features, including developmental, behavioral, and sleep patterns, is not well-defined.
• The necessity of routine EEG screening for all individuals with ASD, especially without clinical seizure activity, requires further evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the literature on EEG findings in individuals with ASD.
• To investigate the potential impact of EEG abnormalities on ASD development, behavior, sleep, and seizure occurrence.
• To assess the clinical utility of routine EEG testing in ASD patients, particularly in the absence of seizures.

Main Methods:

• A systematic review of studies published between 2014 and 2024 was conducted.
• Literature focused on the prevalence, types, and clinical relevance of both epileptiform and non-epileptiform EEG abnormalities in ASD.
• Included studies critically analyzed correlations between EEG findings and specific ASD symptoms and evaluated treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

• EEG abnormalities are prevalent in 23-80% of individuals with ASD, with diverse findings.
• Evidence linking EEG abnormalities to specific ASD clinical symptoms remains inconclusive, with some studies suggesting associations with more severe traits and others not.
• The efficacy of anticonvulsant treatment for ASD patients with EEG abnormalities but no seizures is uncertain due to limited data.

Conclusions:

• The uncertain relationship between EEG findings and ASD symptoms suggests routine EEG testing for all ASD patients is not warranted.
• EEG evaluation should be reserved for cases where epilepsy is clinically suspected.
• Further research is needed to clarify the clinical significance of EEG abnormalities in ASD.