How to Preserve Fertility in Reproductive-Age Women with Cancer

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, among other gonadotoxic treatments, can significantly affect ovarian reserve and function, potentially leading to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and sterility. With the increasing survival rates among young female cancer patients, fertility preservation (FP) has become an essential aspect of cancer care. The decision to pursue FP depends on various factors, including patient age, ovarian reserve, the type of treatment, and its gonadotoxic potential. Several FP strategies are available, including oocyte, embryo, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. While oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are the gold standard techniques, ovarian tissue cryopreservation and in vitro maturation (IVM) present viable alternatives for patients who cannot undergo ovarian stimulation or for whom stimulation is contraindicated. Despite significant advances within the FP practice, challenges remain in ensuring timely FP counseling, equitable access to services, and optimizing long-term reproductive outcomes. Continued research is needed to refine existing FP techniques, explore innovative approaches, and address ethical considerations in FP decision-making. This review explores current FP options, their clinical applications, and future directions to improve reproductive outcomes in young women undergoing gonadotoxic treatments.