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Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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Advanced Manufacturing Methods for High-Dose Inhalable Powders.

Haia A Al-Assaf1, Sofia A Papadimitriou2, Ayesha Rahman3

  • 1Aston Pharmacy School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.

Pharmaceutics
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Handling fine cohesive powders for inhalation is challenging due to interparticle forces. Advanced particle engineering techniques are crucial for developing effective high-dose dry powder inhalers.

Keywords:
dry powder formulationhigh-dose powdersmanufacturing

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Materials Science
  • Aerodynamics

Background:

  • Pulmonary drug delivery involves interparticle, dispersion, and deposition forces.
  • Fine powder cohesion, driven by capillary, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces, impacts dispersibility and stability.
  • High cohesion in fine powders leads to poor flowability and agglomeration, complicating manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review challenges in formulating very fine inhalable powders.
  • To explore particle engineering techniques for high-dose dry powder inhalers.
  • To discuss characterization methods for inhalable powder quality.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of interparticle forces in pulmonary drug delivery.
  • Analysis of particle engineering strategies for cohesive powders.
  • Examination of powder characterization techniques for inhaler formulations.

Main Results:

  • Interparticle forces significantly influence powder flow and agglomeration.
  • Advanced particle engineering is essential for overcoming cohesion in fine powders.
  • Effective characterization is key to meeting inhalable preparation standards.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing interparticle forces is critical for successful pulmonary drug delivery.
  • Particle engineering offers solutions for handling high-dose cohesive powders.
  • Robust characterization ensures the quality and performance of dry powder inhalers.