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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Experimental Multiscale Methodology for Predicting Material Fouling Resistance
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Considerations for testing anti-fouling coatings designed for implementation into Earth-based and spacecraft water

Madelyn K Mettler1,2, Erika J Espinosa-Ortiz3, Darla M Goeres1

  • 1Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.

Biofouling
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review guides researchers in designing experiments for evaluating anti-fouling coatings in water systems. It details eight key considerations for accurate biofilm assessment, crucial for industrial and spacecraft applications.

Keywords:
Built environmentantimicrobialbiofilm preventiondisinfectionwater safetywaterborne pathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Biofilms in water systems pose risks like mechanical failure and user illness.
  • Current anti-fouling coating evaluation methods are primarily from the medical field, lacking relevance for industrial and spacecraft water systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide researchers in designing experiments for evaluating anti-fouling coatings tailored to specific water systems.
  • To improve the accuracy of coating evaluations for industrial and spacecraft applications.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of experimental design considerations for evaluating coatings in water systems.
  • Identification and discussion of eight critical factors: biofilm reactor operation, microorganism selection, reinoculation, coating surface area, liquid medium, experiment duration, coating performance evaluation, and microgravity.
  • Analysis of methods used in eight case studies on Earth-based and spacecraft water systems.

Main Results:

  • Eight key experimental design considerations were identified as crucial for accurate anti-fouling coating evaluation.
  • The impact of each design decision on coating performance assessment is presented.
  • Existing studies show varied approaches, highlighting the need for standardized, system-specific experimental designs.

Conclusions:

  • Improved experimental design is essential for the successful development and transfer of anti-fouling coating technologies.
  • Tailoring evaluations to specific water system environments (industrial, spacecraft) will enhance technology applicability.
  • This review provides a framework for researchers to design more relevant and effective coating evaluation experiments.