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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

275
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
275
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

306
The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
113
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

4.8K
The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

1.9K
The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
1.9K
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

2.0K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Updated: May 20, 2025

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Supernumerary teeth: A pictorial review and revised classification.

Christy Lana Davidson1, Chané Smit2, Sulette Nel1

  • 1Oral Biology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Supernumerary teeth terminology is confusing, affecting incidence data. This review clarifies their development, classification, and eruption, proposing an updated system for better description.

Keywords:
HyperdontiaMorphologyParacanineParaincisorParamolarParapremolarSupernumerary teeth

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Oral Pathology

Background:

  • Supernumerary teeth literature suffers from ambiguous terminology and classification.
  • This ambiguity leads to distorted data on the true incidence and prevalence of supernumerary teeth.
  • A clear understanding is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of supernumerary teeth development, classification, and eruptive alterations.
  • To highlight the current ambiguity in defining supernumerary teeth.
  • To propose an updated classification for describing supernumerary teeth.

Main Methods:

  • Pictorial review of current literature.
  • Analysis of developmental pathways.
  • Evaluation of positional and morphological classifications.
  • Proposal of an updated classification system.

Main Results:

  • Current definitions and classifications of supernumerary teeth are inconsistent.
  • Ambiguity in terminology hinders accurate epidemiological studies.
  • An updated classification is proposed to standardize descriptions.

Conclusions:

  • Standardizing terminology and classification is essential for accurate supernumerary teeth research.
  • The proposed classification aims to reduce ambiguity and improve data consistency.
  • Further research and adoption of a unified classification are recommended.