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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Isolation of Primary Human Colon Tumor Cells from Surgical Tissues and Culturing Them Directly on Soft Elastic Substrates for Traction Cytometry
09:28

Isolation of Primary Human Colon Tumor Cells from Surgical Tissues and Culturing Them Directly on Soft Elastic Substrates for Traction Cytometry

Published on: June 4, 2015

Engineered T cells and macrophages: two arms to seize solid tumors.

Luigi Russo1, Ilaria De Martino1, Matteo Marchetti1

  • 1Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - IIT, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, Italy.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|March 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Genetically modified immune cells, like CAR T-cells, show promise for treating blood cancers. Engineering new functions and combining cell types may overcome challenges for solid tumor immunotherapy.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Isolation of Primary Human Colon Tumor Cells from Surgical Tissues and Culturing Them Directly on Soft Elastic Substrates for Traction Cytometry
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Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment
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Published on: November 14, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown success in hematological malignancies.
  • Significant barriers hinder CAR T-cell efficacy against solid tumors, necessitating enhanced functionalities for safety, migration, and persistence.
  • Macrophages offer complementary antitumor properties, including phagocytosis and antigen presentation, for a broader immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current cell-based immunotherapy technologies.
  • To propose synthetic interplay between immune cells as a future breakthrough for improved cancer treatment.
  • To highlight strategies for overcoming solid tumor immunotherapy challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in genetically modified immune cell therapies.
  • Analysis of strategies for engineering immune cells, including T cells and macrophages.
  • Exploration of synthetic biology approaches for cell-cell communication in immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • CAR T-cell therapy faces challenges in solid tumors, requiring additional engineered functions.
  • Macrophages possess properties that can augment antitumor immune responses.
  • Current research focuses on enhancing immune cell capabilities for broader therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering synthetic interplay between different immune cells is a promising next step in cell-based immunotherapy.
  • This approach aims to develop safer and more effective living therapeutics for cancer treatment.
  • Overcoming solid tumor barriers requires innovative strategies beyond traditional CAR T-cell therapy.