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Molecular Models

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types. Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Assembly of Cytoskeletal Filaments

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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Self-assembly of Complex Two-dimensional Shapes from Single-stranded DNA Tiles

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Published on: May 8, 2015

Scaling-up molecular logic to meso-systems via self-assembly.

Ze-Qing Chen¹, Brian Daly¹, Chao-Yi Yao²

¹School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK.

Nature Communications

|March 28, 2025

Summary

Artificial molecule-based systems now perform logic operations at the meso-scale. Self-assembled membranes act as a Reset-Set Flip-Flop integrated with seven additional logic elements, advancing molecular computation.

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Published on: August 13, 2020

Area of Science:

Molecular computation
Supramolecular chemistry
Synthetic biology

Background:

Molecular logic-based computation is crucial for understanding life processes, operating with nanoscale molecules.
Meso-scale (milli/centimetric) molecule-based systems capable of intrinsic logic operations are rare.
Bridging the gap between nano- and meso-scale computation is essential for broader applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop artificial meso-scale systems that intrinsically perform logic operations.
To demonstrate the feasibility of using self-assembled supramolecular structures for computation.
To integrate multiple logic elements within a single molecular system.

Main Methods:

Self-assembly of cyclophane octacarboxylates with a cationic surfactant.
Fabrication of membrane-based systems.
Characterization of the system's logic functionalities, including Flip-Flop behavior.

Main Results:

A self-assembled system comprising cyclophane octacarboxylates and cationic surfactant was successfully created.
The membrane-based system demonstrated Reset-Set Flip-Flop functionality.
The system integrated a total of eight distinct logic elements, showcasing complex computational capabilities at the meso-scale.

Conclusions:

Meso-scale molecular logic systems can be constructed using self-assembled supramolecular materials.
These systems offer a pathway for advanced information processing in biological and synthetic contexts.
The demonstrated integration of multiple logic elements paves the way for complex molecular computing architectures.