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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...

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An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

Gene syntaxes modulate gene expression and circuit behavior on plasmids.

Yijie Deng1, Hannah E Maurais2, Kai Etheridge2

  • 1Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. Yijie.deng@dartmouth.edu.

Journal of Biological Engineering
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmid gene arrangement, or gene syntax, significantly impacts gene expression consistency and accuracy. Understanding gene syntax is crucial for designing predictable genetic circuits and plasmids.

Keywords:
Gene noiseGene syntaxGenetic circuitsGenetic contextIncoherent feedforward loopsPlasmid design

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Consistent gene expression from plasmids is a persistent challenge in biotechnology.
  • Intra-genetic elements like promoters are well-studied, but gene arrangement (gene syntax) effects are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of gene syntax on gene expression variability and accuracy.
  • To elucidate how gene orientation and order influence expression levels, ratios, and noise.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dual-fluorescent protein system (GFP and RFP) to quantify gene expression.
  • Systematically varied gene orientation and order on plasmids to assess expression profiles.
  • Analyzed mean expression levels, relative expression ratios, and cell-to-cell variations.

Main Results:

  • Gene placement significantly alters expression means and ratios; same-direction alignment with the origin of replication (Ori) increases expression.
  • Divergent gene orientations can lead to mutual suppression; altered gene order affects expression even without orientation changes.
  • Gene syntax influences intrinsic and extrinsic noise, and reporter protein choice (e.g., RFP vs. GFP) impacts variation.

Conclusions:

  • Gene syntax is a critical, overlooked factor modulating plasmid gene expression and genetic circuit behavior.
  • Rational design of plasmids and genetic circuits must consider gene arrangement for predictable outcomes.
  • Findings offer insights for engineering more robust and controllable genetic systems.