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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)
Published on: November 4, 2016
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis Revealed High Genomic Variability, Recombination Events and Mobile Genetic Elements
Paola A Rios Agudelo1, Julián Reyes Vélez1, Martha Olivera Angel2
1Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Universidad CES, Cra 43a No. 52 Sur 99, Sabaneta 055450, Antioquia, Colombia.
Abstract:
Introduction:Streptococcus uberis is a poorly controlled cause of bovine intramammary infections and a common motivation for the use antibiotics in dairy farms worldwide. Therefore, studying the genomic characteristics of this pathogen is fundamental to understand its complex epidemiology and behavior against antimicrobials. Methods: A comparative genomic analysis of 10 S. uberis strains was performed and their antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed. Results: Ten different novel sequence types were found, and genes (tetM, tetO, patB, lnuC, lnuA, lsaE, ermB, ANT(6)-la) and mobile genetic elements previously associated with antimicrobial resistance (repUS43, ISSag2, and ISEnfa4) and virulence (315.2 phage) were detected. Additionally, our strains had the highest relative rate of recombination to mutation (8.3) compared to other S. uberis strains isolated from different continents (America: 7.7, Asia: 2.9, Europe: 5.4, and Oceania: 6.6). Most of the strains (80%) tested showed phenotypic resistance to clindamycin and 70% exhibited intermediate susceptibility to penicillin. Conclusions: The high heterogeneity of strains observed and the presence of genetic factors linked to antimicrobial resistance represent a challenge for the implementation and surveillance of measures focused on the control and elimination of this pathogen.
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