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The Use of Novel Stimulants in ADHD Self-Medication: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Tayler Holborn1, Fabrizio Schifano2, Emma Smith1
1Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Individuals with ADHD self-medicate with novel stimulants (NPSs) when treatment access is limited. These NPSs are perceived as effective, highlighting gaps in current ADHD care.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects numerous individuals.
- Medication is the primary treatment, but access is limited for some.
- Self-medication with novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) for ADHD is a growing concern.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate NPS use for self-medicating ADHD.
- Evaluate the perceived effectiveness of NPSs.
- Explore user experiences and motivations for self-medication.
Main Methods:
- Online survey with 225 respondents.
- Semi-structured interviews with 9 participants.
- Framework analysis of qualitative and quantitative data.
Main Results:
- 4F-MPH and 2-FMA were the most commonly used NPSs.
- Self-medication was perceived as more effective than conventional treatment (p < 0.001).
- Key themes: NPSs as treatment gaps, poor treatment access, and distrust in healthcare providers.
Conclusions:
- NPS use for ADHD is linked to restricted access to conventional treatments.
- Interventions should address treatment wait times and geographical barriers.
- Patient-centered care and broader pharmacotherapy options are desired.
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Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.