Dia-B-Ties: B Cells in the Islet-Immune-Cell Interface in T1D

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that affects an estimated 30 million people worldwide and results in a lifelong dependency of exogenous insulin treatments. While T1D is characterized by T-cell driven-destruction of the insulin-secreting β cells, B lymphocytes play a key role in the islet-immune interface. B cells are an essential intermediary between islet cells and other immune-cell populations. Through antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and antibody production, B cells play a role in activating autoreactive islet-specific T cells, thus potentiating pancreatic inflammation in the early stages of T1D. Despite this, their role in disease development remains an understudied feature of T1D with significant therapeutic potential. Herein, we will discuss the current knowledge of the islet-immune-cell interface within T1D through the lens of B lymphocytes. We will also consider knowledge gaps that may be limiting further therapeutic opportunities.