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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice
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Autism Spectrum Disorder, Oral Implications, and Oral Microbiota.

Emiliana D'Angelo1, Fausto Fiori1, Giuseppe A Ferraro2

  • 1Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is linked to oral and gut microbiota imbalances, impacting behavior and health. Addressing oral health and microbiota may improve ASD comorbidities.

Keywords:
autism spectrum disorderdysbiosismicrobial dysbiosisoral healthoral hygieneoral microbiota

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with complex behavioral and social challenges.
  • Emerging research highlights a significant connection between ASD and dysbiosis in oral and gut microbiota.
  • This review focuses on the interplay between oral microbiota, self-injurious behaviors (SIB), sensory sensitivities, and diet in ASD comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of oral microbiota, SIB, sensory sensitivity, and dietary habits on ASD comorbidities.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the relationship between oral health, microbiota, and ASD.
  • To explore potential therapeutic interventions targeting microbiota and oral health in ASD management.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted an extensive literature review using PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Focused on human studies with full-text availability, using keywords related to ASD, oral health, and microbiota.
  • Evaluated research for methodological quality and relevance to microbiota-oral health-ASD connections.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with ASD experience unique oral health issues due to SIB and sensory sensitivities, complicating hygiene.
  • Selective eating patterns in ASD can lead to nutritional deficiencies and exacerbate oral health problems.
  • Oral and gut microbiota dysbiosis, with altered short-chain fatty acids, disrupts gut-brain and oral-brain axes, worsening ASD symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • A bidirectional relationship exists between ASD, oral health, and microbiota, mediated by neuroinflammation and metabolic disturbances.
  • Proactive strategies targeting microbiota and dental health show promise in reducing ASD comorbidities and improving overall management.
  • Further research into microbiota-host interactions is crucial for understanding and harnessing therapeutic potential in ASD.