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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Intermediate-Temperature Reverse Water-Gas Shift under Process-Relevant Conditions Catalyzed by Dispersed Alkali

Kesha N Tamakuwala1, Robert P Kennedy1, Chastity S Li1

  • 1Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States.

JACS Au
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New transition-metal-free catalysts, potassium or sodium carbonate on alumina, enable efficient reverse water-gas shift reactions at lower temperatures. These catalysts achieve high CO2 conversion and selectivity, offering sustainable chemical production pathways.

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Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Current reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) technologies necessitate high temperatures (>900 °C).
  • Lower-temperature RWGS is desirable for sustainable chemical and fuel production but often leads to undesirable methane and coke formation.
  • Industrial RWGS processes target elevated pressures, exacerbating catalyst challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop effective RWGS catalysts operating in the intermediate-temperature regime.
  • To identify transition-metal-free catalyst materials for lower-temperature RWGS.
  • To assess catalyst performance under industrially relevant conditions, including elevated pressure and impurities.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of K2CO3/γ-Al2O3 and Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts.
  • Testing RWGS activity and selectivity at temperatures up to 700 °C.
  • Evaluation of catalyst stability and tolerance to impurities at 10 bar and high space velocity (30,000 h⁻¹).

Main Results:

  • K2CO3/γ-Al2O3 achieved equilibrium-limited CO2 conversion at 550 °C and 100% CO selectivity up to 700 °C.
  • Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3 demonstrated comparable 100% CO selectivity and slightly lower activity.
  • Both catalysts exhibited stability for hundreds of hours and tolerated methane/propane impurities in the feed.

Conclusions:

  • Dispersed alkali carbonate catalysts (K2CO3/γ-Al2O3, Na2CO3/γ-Al2O3) are highly effective for RWGS in the intermediate-temperature range.
  • These catalysts offer a promising, sustainable alternative to high-temperature RWGS processes.
  • The low cost, simple synthesis, and robust performance make these catalysts attractive for industrial applications.