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Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
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Mortality Classification for Deaths With Nonfirearm Force by Police, 2012-2021.

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  • 1Center for Policing Equity, West Hollywood, California.

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Deaths from nonfirearm force by police are often not classified as homicides, with inconsistent reporting across different death investigation systems. This highlights significant public safety and health concerns regarding accurate mortality classification.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • Accurate classification of deaths resulting from law enforcement encounters is crucial for public accountability and epidemiological surveillance.
  • Nonfirearm force by police can lead to fatalities, yet the classification of these deaths may be inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the proportion of in-custody deaths where nonfirearm police force was the cause and manner of death.
  • To identify factors influencing the classification of mortality in these cases.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study analyzed national data from the Associated Press's Lethal Restraint database (2012-2021).
  • Included deaths from nonfirearm force by state or local police outside of prisons/jails.
  • Logistic regression assessed the influence of death investigation systems, racial/ethnic bias, and county political context on manner of death classification.

Main Results:

  • Of 940 deaths, 28.5% were classified as homicide; 16.5% mentioned force-related injuries, and 42.6% mentioned any force.
  • Homicide classification increased from 25.0% (2012-2014) to 32.2% (2018-2021).
  • Coroner and sheriff-coroner jurisdictions were less likely to classify deaths as homicides compared to medical examiners. Higher Republican vote percentages in counties correlated with lower classification of force.

Conclusions:

  • Nonhomicide classifications and lack of mention of force in cause-of-death statements were common in deaths involving nonfirearm police force.
  • Inconsistent classification poses a significant public health and safety issue with broad social implications.
  • Standardized classification protocols are needed to ensure accurate reporting and accountability.