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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight
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Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

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Untethered subcentimeter flying robots.

Fanping Sui1,2, Wei Yue1,2, Kamyar Behrouzi1,2

  • 1Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science Advances
|March 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the lightest and smallest untethered flying robot, weighing just 21 mg with a 9.4 mm wingspan. This miniature marvel achieves controllable flight, including hovering and navigation, overcoming miniaturization challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Micro-mechanics

Background:

  • Miniaturization of flying robots faces significant mass-power tradeoff challenges for untethered operation.
  • Achieving controlled flight in insect-scale robots requires innovative solutions for propulsion and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate the lightest and smallest untethered flying robot capable of navigable flights.
  • To overcome the limitations of mass and power in subcentimeter flying robots.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a subcentimeter rotating-wing robot weighing 21 mg and with a 9.4 mm wingspan.
  • Utilizing a single-axis alternating magnetic field for wireless driving and control.
  • Experimental measurement of aerodynamic efficacy, including lift-to-drag and lift-to-power ratios.

Main Results:

  • The robot achieved navigable untethered flights, including hovering, collision recovery, and route adjustments.
  • Demonstrated a lift-to-drag ratio of 0.7 and a lift-to-flying power ratio of 7.2 × 10⁻² N/W at a Reynolds number of ~2500.
  • Established a new benchmark for the lightest and smallest controllable aerial robot.

Conclusions:

  • The developed subcentimeter robot represents a significant advancement in untethered micro-flying robot technology.
  • Further optimization of the wireless driving mechanism and flight control can enhance performance and miniaturization.
  • This work paves the way for future developments in autonomous micro-aerial vehicles.