Non-topological solitons and quasi-solitons

Area of Science:

• Theoretical Physics
• Cosmology
• Particle Physics

Background:

• Solitons in relativistic field theories can be non-topological.
• Non-topological solitons, like Q-balls, emerge in nonlinear field theories with attractive interactions and internal symmetries.
• Quasi-solitons, termed oscillons, can exist even without stabilizing symmetries and are long-lived.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated review of the properties and dynamics of non-topological solitons and quasi-solitons.
• To highlight the significant applications of Q-balls and oscillons in cosmology and particle physics.
• To discuss their important roles in early-Universe scenarios and particle physics models.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on solitons, Q-balls, and oscillons.
• Analysis of theoretical frameworks describing nonlinear field theories.
• Discussion of cosmological and particle physics implications.

Main Results:

• Non-topological solitons (Q-balls) and quasi-solitons (oscillons) are key features of nonlinear field theories.
• These structures possess intriguing properties and dynamics.
• They play significant roles in early-Universe cosmology and particle physics.

Conclusions:

• Q-balls and oscillons are important non-topological solitons with broad applications.
• Their study is vital for understanding fundamental physics and the early Universe.
• This review consolidates current knowledge and future directions.