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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
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Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...

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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
08:34

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

Beyond surface tension-dominated water surface jumping.

Xin Wang1, Neng Xia1, Chengfeng Pan2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P.R. China.

Nature Communications
|March 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered a novel water surface jumping strategy overcoming the limitations of insect-inspired mechanisms. This bio-inspired robot achieved record-breaking jump height and velocity, advancing aquatic robotics.

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Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
08:34

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Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor
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Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Published on: February 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Bio-inspired engineering
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Semi-aquatic insects utilize surface tension for water jumping, but this limits propulsion force.
  • Existing water jumping mechanisms face constraints in momentum acquisition due to surface tension thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an engineered water surface jumping strategy that overcomes the limitations of surface tension-dominated mechanisms.
  • To achieve record-breaking jumping performance in an artificial system.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a superhydrophobic body for water surface flotation.
  • Integrated a lightweight, high-power actuation module for rapid propulsion.
  • Developed an efficient momentum transmission system for kinetic energy transfer.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record-breaking jumping height of 18 body lengths (63 cm).
  • Reached a take-off velocity of 100.6 body lengths/s (3.52 m/s).
  • Demonstrated a novel water surface jumping strategy surpassing natural limitations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed soft jumper, based on superhydrophobicity, powerful actuation, and efficient momentum transfer, significantly advances water environment robotics.
  • This strategy provides a new paradigm for aquatic locomotion and robotic applications in water environments.