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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation
10:41

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Saccades influence functional modularity in the human cortical vision network.

George Tomou1,2,3,4, Bianca R Baltaretu1,2,3,5,6, Amirhossein Ghaderi1,2,3

  • 1Centre for Vision Research, York University, Room 0009A, Lassonde Bldg, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.

Scientific Reports
|March 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual cortex exhibits functional modularity, with distinct networks for spatial and object processing. Saccades integrate these networks, enhancing information transfer for seamless visual perception.

Keywords:
Cerebral cortexFunctional magnetic resonance imagingGraph theory analysisModularitySaccadesTranssaccadic integrationVisual features

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Published on: March 18, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation
10:41

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
05:44

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

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Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
06:46

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The visual cortex is understood to possess both dorsoventral and hemispheric modularity.
  • It remains unclear if functional modules arise spontaneously from unsupervised network analysis.
  • The interaction of these modules during saccades, which demand increased spatial information sharing, is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if functional modules in the visual cortex emerge spontaneously.
  • To explore how these modules interact during saccades.
  • To analyze network properties and information transfer in the visual cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Graph theory analysis was applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.
  • Fifty vision-related cortical nodes were analyzed to identify network properties.
  • Participants performed tasks involving object shape/orientation judgments with and without intervening saccades.

Main Results:

  • Modularity analysis revealed three sub-networks during fixation: a bilateral parietofrontal network and two lateralized occipitotemporal networks.
  • During horizontal saccades, functional interconnectivity and information transfer increased.
  • Lateralized ventral modules integrated into a single bilateral sub-network, with hubs in the lateral intraparietal cortex and dorsomedial occipital areas.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the concept of functional modularity within the visual system.
  • Hemispheric sub-networks are dynamically modified and integrated during saccades.
  • This integration facilitates transsaccadic visual processing and spatial information sharing.