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Matrix Diffusion Controls Mountain Hillslope Groundwater Ages and Inferred Storage Dynamics.

Nicholas E Thiros1, Erica R Woodburn1, W Payton Gardner2

  • 1Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.

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|March 29, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Groundwater age in mountain watersheds is complex. Matrix diffusion is crucial for accurately modeling young and old groundwater mixtures, especially in bedrock systems, impacting watershed predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Hydrogeology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Groundwater age distributions offer key insights into mountain watershed processes.
  • Previous studies show mixed young and old groundwater in bedrock catchments, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate groundwater age distributions on a lower montane hillslope using integrated hydrologic and particle tracking models.
  • To investigate the role of fracture-matrix diffusion in shaping groundwater age distributions.
  • To compare model predictions with observed environmental tracer data (³H and ⁴He).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the coupled ParFlow-CLM integrated hydrologic and EcoSLIM particle tracking models.
  • Developed a convolution-based approach to incorporate fracture-matrix diffusion into age distributions.
  • Performed a Monte Carlo analysis to assess uncertain matrix and fracture parameters.

Main Results:

  • Matrix diffusion is essential for jointly predicting observed tritium (³H) and helium-4 (⁴He) concentrations.
  • Advection-dominated models alone cannot replicate the observed mixing of young and old groundwater.
  • The best model fit included a dynamic bedrock groundwater reservoir with significant storage loss during dry periods.

Conclusions:

  • Fracture-matrix diffusion is critical for understanding environmental tracer data in bedrock groundwater.
  • Dynamic bedrock groundwater systems require deeper integration into watershed hydro-biogeochemical models.
  • Accurate modeling of groundwater age necessitates accounting for both advection and matrix diffusion processes.