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Related Concept Videos

Draining Lymph Node Metastasis Model for Assessing the Dynamics of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells During Tumorigenesis07:45

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The experimental design presented here provides a useful reproductive model for the studies of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during lymph node (LN) metastasis, which excludes the perturbation of bystander CD8+ T...
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Clonal expansion is a key feature of antigen-specific T cell response. However, the cell cycle of antigen-responding T cells has been poorly investigated, partly because of technical limitations. We describe a flow cytometric method to analyze clonally expanding antigen-specific CD8 T cells in spleen and lymph nodes of vaccinated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
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Aging-induced microstructural evolution in risperidone loaded PLGA microspheres.

Andrew G Clark1, Jeffrey Wong1, Ruifeng Wang2

  • 1DigiM Solution LLC, 500 West Cummings Park Suite 3650, Woburn, MA, the United States of America.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|March 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging poly (lactic-co glycolic acid) microspheres increases porosity and pore size, impacting drug release. This study quantifies structural changes using advanced imaging, revealing polymer relaxation effects on therapeutic performance.

Keywords:
Controlled releaseImage-based true density characterizationMicrostructure quantificationPLGAProduct quality

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Polymer aging can affect the performance of drug delivery systems.
  • Understanding structural changes in poly (lactic-co glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres due to aging is crucial for therapeutic efficacy.
  • Microsphere structural integrity is vital for predictable drug release profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify structural changes in PLGA microspheres as a function of aging using advanced imaging techniques.
  • To compare aged and fresh microsphere batches to understand the impact of aging on critical quality attributes (CQAs).
  • To correlate observed structural changes with in vitro drug release performance.

Main Methods:

  • Correlative focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and X-ray microscopy (XRM) were employed for nanoscale and batch-level structural characterization.
  • A novel XRM-based method was developed to determine material density.
  • Aged (one year past shelf life) and fresh microsphere batches were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Aging led to increased porosity and pore size at the nanoscale, attributed to PLGA physical relaxation.
  • A decrease in material density was observed in the aged microsphere batch.
  • Increased porosity correlated with altered in vitro drug release performance.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer aging in PLGA microspheres causes increased porosity via relaxation, widening existing pores.
  • Advanced imaging techniques effectively quantify aging-induced structural changes.
  • This study provides a novel method to assess the impact of polymer aging on PLGA microsphere drug delivery systems.