Fucoidan and its derivatives: From extraction to cutting-edge biomedical applications

Fucoidan, a sulfated polymeric carbohydrate isolated from various marine brown algae, has attracted the interest of biomedical scientists because of its unique structural features and extensive spectrum of biological activity. This review encompasses a comprehensive insight into fucoidan's extraction procedures, cross-linking strategies, chemical modifications, and biomedical applications. Advanced extraction methods, such as microwave-assisted and enzyme-assisted extraction, are emphasized to get high-quality fucoidan that has augmented bioactivity. Moreover, the production and role of fucoidan-based materials in drug delivery systems are investigated, with a focus on their potential for targeted therapies. The study also explores the strategies to improve fucoidan's bioavailability and mechanical properties via structural modifications, such as Sulfation, desulfation, methylation, benzoylation, sulfation, amination, acetylation and phosphorylation, and cross-linking with other polymers to form films, hydrogels, and nanocomposites. In addition, fucoidan's applications in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, microneedles, and 3D bioprinting are discussed. By summarizing current research findings, this study seeks to comprehend the mechanisms underpinning fucoidan's therapeutic efficacy and its potential to develop robust biomaterials.