Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 17, 2025
Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
Published on: April 17, 2021
A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors and Outcomes in Congestive Heart Failure
Mohammad Shakil Ahmad1, Abdulrahman Obaid Matar Alharbi2, Abdullah Tawakul3
1Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, 11952 Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.
Insights
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is linked to prevalent modifiable risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. CHF patients experience significantly worse clinical outcomes, including higher mortality and reduced quality of life, emphasizing the need for risk management.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Public Health
Background:
- Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a significant health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality rates.
- Identifying risk factors and understanding clinical outcomes in CHF patients is crucial for effective management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify key risk factors associated with congestive heart failure (CHF).
- To evaluate and compare clinical outcomes between patients diagnosed with CHF and a control group.
Main Methods:
- Data collection involved interviews, physical examinations, and review of medical records.
- Assessed risk variables included hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco/alcohol use, lifestyle, diet, age, gender, and family history.
- Outcomes measured included mortality (all-cause and cardiovascular), hospitalisation rates, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), quality of life (MLHFQ), and functional status (NYHA).
Main Results:
- Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and physical inactivity were significantly more prevalent in CHF patients.
- CHF cases showed higher hospitalisation rates, longer stays, increased 30-day rehospitalisations, and more ICU admissions.
- All-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, MACE, poorer quality of life, and diminished functional status were significantly greater in CHF patients.
Conclusions:
- Congestive heart failure patients exhibit a higher prevalence of modifiable risk factors compared to controls.
- Worse clinical outcomes, including increased mortality and reduced quality of life, highlight the critical need for comprehensive risk management strategies in CHF.
Background:
Congestive heart failure (CHF) represents an important health issue characterised by considerable morbidity and mortality. This study sought to identify risk factors for CHF and to evaluate clinical outcomes between CHF patients and control subjects.
Methods:
Data were obtained through interviews, physical examinations, and medical records. Risk variables encompassed hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, dietary practices, age, gender, and familial history of cardiovascular disease. The outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, hospitalisation, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), quality of life as measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), and functional level according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Statistical analyses including t-tests, Chi-square tests, logistic regression and Cox regression.
Results:
The findings indicated that hypertension (71.8% vs. 38.5%, p < 0.001), diabetes (47.9% vs. 28.2%, p = 0.002), dyslipidaemia (54.7% vs. 41.0%, p = 0.04), smoking (42.7% vs. 29.1%, p = 0.03), and physical inactivity (65.8% vs. 41.9%, p < 0.001) were more prevalent in cases. Cases exhibited increased hospitalisations (1.8 ± 1.2 vs. 0.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.001), prolonged stays (10.5 ± 5.4 vs. 6.2 ± 3.8 days, p < 0.001), elevated 30-day rehospitalisation rates (21.4% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.007), and a greater incidence of intensive care units (ICU) admissions (17.1% vs. 6.0%, p = 0.01). All-cause mortality (35.9% vs. 17.1%, p = 0.001), cardiovascular mortality (25.6% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.003), and MACE (51.3% vs. 25.6%, p < 0.001) were greater in cases. Quality of life (45.8 ± 12.4 vs. 25.6 ± 10.3, p < 0.001) and functional status (55.6% vs. 23.9%, p < 0.001) were inferior in cases.
Conclusion:
CHF patients had greater rates of modifiable risk variables and worse clinical outcomes than controls, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive risk management.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:17Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
01:26Imbalances in Cardiac Output
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
01:22Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics
01:23Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
01:26Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System
01:22Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers