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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

Published on: March 1, 2011

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific T Cell Adaptation and Clonal Distribution Across the Human

Ran Ran¹, Merve Uslu², Mohd Farhan Siddiqui²

¹Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|March 31, 2025

Summary

This study reveals how T cells adapt to specific tissues in the gut-liver axis. It highlights the liver

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T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

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Published on: January 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Gastroenterology
Hepatology

Background:

Understanding T cell dynamics is key to immune responses, especially in the gut-liver axis.
Tissue-specific adaptations of T cells remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To map T cell clonal distribution and tissue-specific adaptations across the human gut-liver-blood axis.
To investigate the impact of microenvironments on T cell phenotype and function.

Main Methods:

Paired single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor sequencing were performed on T cells from matched colon, liver, and blood samples.
T cell receptor sequencing enabled tracking of T cell clones across different anatomical sites.
Single-cell RNA sequencing provided insights into the transcriptional profiles of tissue-resident T cells.

Main Results:

Some T cell clones were shared between blood and tissues, but colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes showed limited overlap with lamina propria T cells, indicating a resident population.
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the colon and liver exhibited distinct transcriptional profiles.
The liver microenvironment may influence the phenotype of colon lamina propria TRM.

Conclusions:

Integrated single-cell analysis provides a comprehensive map of T cell clonal distribution and adaptation.
The liver microenvironment plays a potential role in shaping colonic immunity.