Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function: Chemical Tools for Insights into T-Cell Biology

Lipids are essential biomolecules playing critical roles in cellular processes, including energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling. This review highlights the chemical tools that have been developed to study the role of lipid metabolism in immune function, focusing on T-cell biology. Fatty acids (FAs), as core lipid components, influence immune responses through structural, signaling, and metabolic roles. Recent studies reveal how specific FAs modulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and function, with implications for regulatory and effector subsets. Emerging tools, such as fluorescence-based lipids and click chemistry, enable precise tracking of lipid uptake and metabolism at the single-cell level, addressing limitations of traditional bulk methods. Advances in metabolomics and proteomics offer further insights into lipid-mediated immune regulation. Understanding these mechanisms provides opportunities to target lipid metabolism in therapeutic strategies for cancer and other immune-related diseases. The integration of lipidomic technologies into immunology uncovers novel perspectives on how lipids shape immune responses at cellular and molecular scales.