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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

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A tale of two caspases.

Denise M Monack1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.

Elife
|March 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Macrophages utilize two caspase enzymes to combat intracellular pathogens, such as Salmonella, at distinct stages of infection, revealing a temporal immune defense mechanism.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Macrophages are crucial immune cells for controlling intracellular bacterial infections.
  • Salmonella is a significant human pathogen that resides within host cells.
  • Caspase enzymes play known roles in apoptosis and inflammation.

Discussion:

  • This study investigates the role of caspases in macrophage-mediated defense against Salmonella.
  • The research explores the sequential activation of two distinct caspase enzymes during Salmonella infection.
  • Understanding the timing of caspase activity provides insights into host-pathogen interactions.

Key Insights:

  • Macrophages employ a dual-caspase system to manage Salmonella infection.
  • The activation of specific caspases occurs at different time points post-infection.
Keywords:
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimuriumhumanhuman macrophagesimmunologyinflammasomesinflammation

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  • This temporal regulation is critical for effective pathogen clearance.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research can elucidate the precise functions of each caspase in Salmonella control.
    • This knowledge may lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting host-pathogen dynamics.
    • Investigating similar mechanisms in other intracellular infections is warranted.