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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

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β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

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Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice
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Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Heart Failure Patients: Does Sex Matter?

Carolina Guimaraes1, Rita Gouveia1, Helena Hipólito-Reis1

  • 1Internal Medicine Department, São João Local Health Unit, Porto, Portugal.

The American Journal of Cardiology
|March 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) worsens survival in heart failure (HF). This negative prognostic impact was observed only in female patients, not in males, indicating sex influences RVD outcomes in chronic HF.

Keywords:
heart failureright ventricular dysfunction, sex, prognosis, mortality

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Heart Failure Research
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is a known predictor of poor survival in patients with chronic heart failure (HF).
  • Existing research suggests potential sex differences in RVD, but these remain underexplored.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for personalized HF management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of sex on the prognostic impact of RVD in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF).
  • To determine if RVD carries the same survival implications for both male and female HF patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 1,152 adult ambulatory chronic HF patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).
  • Data collected from January 2012 to December 2020, with follow-up until January 2023.
  • Cox-regression analysis was employed to assess the prognostic impact of RVD, with adjustments for confounders and interaction testing for sex.

Main Results:

  • Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) was present in 17% of patients and was associated with higher all-cause mortality (aHR=1.86).
  • Stratified analysis revealed that the negative prognostic impact of RVD was significant only in female patients (aHR=1.56).
  • No significant prognostic association between RVD and mortality was found in male HF patients; interaction between sex and RVD was significant (p=0.03).

Conclusions:

  • Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is associated with significantly worse outcomes exclusively in female patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF).
  • Female HF patients with RVD face a 56% increased risk of mortality compared to those without RVD.
  • These findings highlight that sex significantly influences the prognostic implications of RVD in chronic HF, underscoring the need for sex-specific treatment strategies.