Miniaturized disordered photonic molecule spectrometer

The burgeoning field of computational spectrometers is rapidly advancing, providing a pathway to highly miniaturized, on-chip systems for in-situ or portable measurements. The performance of these systems is typically limited in its encoder section. The response matrix is largely compromised with redundancies, due to the periodic intensity or overly smooth responses. As such, the inherent interdependence among the physical size, resolution, and bandwidth of spectral encoders poses a challenge to further miniaturization progress. Achieving high spectral resolution necessitates a long optical path length, leading to a larger footprint required for sufficient spectral decorrelation, resulting in a limited detectable free-spectral range (FSR). Here, we report a groundbreaking ultra-miniaturized disordered photonic molecule spectrometer that surpasses the resolution-bandwidth-footprint metric of current spectrometers. This computational spectrometer utilizes complicated electromagnetic coupling to determinately generate quasi-random spectral response matrices, a feature absents in other state-of-the-art systems, fundamentally overcoming limitations present in the current technologies. This configuration yields an effectively infinite FSR while upholding a high Q-factor ( > 7.74 × 10⁵). Through dynamic manipulation of photon frequency, amplitude, and phase, a broad operational bandwidth exceeding 100 nm can be attained with an ultra-high spectral resolution of 8 pm, all encapsulated within an ultra-compact footprint measuring 70 × 50 μm². The disordered photonic molecule spectrometer is constructed on a CMOS-compatible integrated photonics platform, presenting a pioneering approach for high-performance and highly manufacturable miniaturized spectroscopy.